Acute myelogenous leukemia(AML) in adults
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Hairy cell leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a cancer that begins inside the bone marrow. This is the soft tissue inside the bones that helps form blood cells. Cancer grows from cells that would normally become white blood cells.
Acute means that the disease progresses rapidly and usually has an aggressive course.
Causes
AML is one of the most common types of leukemia among adults.
AML is more common in men than in women.
People with this type of cancer have many abnormal immature cells inside their bone marrow. Cells multiply very quickly and replace healthy blood cells. Bone marrow, which helps the body fight infections and produces other components of the blood, will someday stop working properly. People with AML become more prone to infections. They also have an increased risk of bleeding as the amounts of healthy blood cells decrease.
Most of the time, the health care provider can not determine the cause of AML. However, the following factors can lead to some types of leukemia, including AML:
Blood disorders, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelodysplasia
Certain chemicals (for example, benzene)
Certain chemotherapy drugs, including etoposide and others known as alkylating agents
Exposure to certain chemicals and harmful substances
Radiation
A weakened immune system due to an organ transplant
Problems with genes can also cause the development of AML.
symptom
AML does not have specific symptoms. The symptoms that are observed are mainly due to the related conditions. The symptoms of AML can include any of the following:Nosebleed
Hemorrhage and inflammation (rare) in the gums
Bruises
Bone pain and sensitivity
Fever and fatigue
Heavy menstrual periods
Pallor
Difficulty breathing (worsens with exercise)
Skin rash or injury
Weightloss
Tests and exams
The provider will perform a physical examination. There may be signs of inflammation of the spleen, liver or lymph nodes. The exams performed include:
A complete blood count (CBC) can show anemia and a low number of platelets. A white blood cell count can be high, low or normal.
A spinal aspirate and a biopsy will show if there are any leukemic cells.
If the provider knows that you have this type of leukemia, additional tests will be performed to determine the specific type of AML. The subtypes are based on specific changes in the genes (mutations) and the way in which the leukemia cells appear under the microscope.
Treatment
The treatment involves using medications (chemotherapy) to destroy the cancer cells. Most types of AML are treated in the same way at the beginning, with more than one chemotherapeutic drug.
Chemotherapy also destroys normal cells. This can cause side effects, such as:
Increased risk of bleeding
Increased risk of infection (the doctor may ask you to stay away from others to prevent infection)
Weight loss (you will need to consume additional calories)
Canker sores
Other supportive treatments for AML may include:
Antibiotics to treat the infection
Transfusions of red blood cells to fight anemia
Platelet transfusions to control bleeding
A bone marrow transplant (stem cell) will probably be done after the first or second cycle of chemotherapy. This decision is determined by several factors, such as:
Your age and general health
How tall was your white blood cell count
Certain genetic changes in leukemic cells
The availability of donors
Support groups
The stress caused by the disease can be alleviated by joining a support group. Sharing with other people who have experiences and problems in common can help you not feel alone.
Expectations (prognosis)
It is said that you are in remission when the bone marrow biopsy shows no evidence of AML. Complete remission occurs in most patients. The person's prognosis depends on the general health and the genetic subtype of the AML cells.
Remission is not the same as cure. Generally, more treatment is needed, either in the form of more chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant.With treatment, younger people with AML tend to have a better prognosis than those who develop the disease in later life. The 5-year survival rate is much lower in older adults than in younger people. Experts say that this is partly due to the fact that younger people can better tolerate strong chemotherapy drugs. In addition, leukemia in older people tends to be more resistant to current treatments.
If the cancer does not reappear (relapses) within 5 years after diagnosis, you have probably healed.
When to contact a medical professional
Make an appointment with the provider if you:
Develop symptoms of AML
You have AML and you have a fever that does not go away or other signs of infection
Prevention
If you work near radiation or chemicals associated with leukemia, always use protective equipment.
Alternative names
Acute granulocytic leukemia; LMA; Acute myeloid leukemia (AML); Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia; Acute myeloid leukemia; Acute granulocytic leukemia; Non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL); Non-lymphocytic type leukemia (ANLL)
Instructions for the patient
High after bone marrow transplant
Images
Auer's caneAuer's tankAcute monocytic skin cancer Acute monocytic skin cancer
Blood cells Blood cells
References
Appelbaum FR. Acute leukemias in adults. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 98.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a cancer that begins inside the bone marrow. This is the soft tissue inside the bones that helps form blood cells. Cancer grows from cells that would normally become white blood cells.
Acute means that the disease progresses rapidly and usually has an aggressive course.
 |
| myelogenous |
AML is one of the most common types of leukemia among adults.
AML is more common in men than in women.
People with this type of cancer have many abnormal immature cells inside their bone marrow. Cells multiply very quickly and replace healthy blood cells. Bone marrow, which helps the body fight infections and produces other components of the blood, will someday stop working properly. People with AML become more prone to infections. They also have an increased risk of bleeding as the amounts of healthy blood cells decrease.
Most of the time, the health care provider can not determine the cause of AML. However, the following factors can lead to some types of leukemia, including AML:
Blood disorders, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelodysplasia
Certain chemicals (for example, benzene)
Certain chemotherapy drugs, including etoposide and others known as alkylating agents
Exposure to certain chemicals and harmful substances
Radiation
A weakened immune system due to an organ transplant
Problems with genes can also cause the development of AML.
symptom
AML does not have specific symptoms. The symptoms that are observed are mainly due to the related conditions. The symptoms of AML can include any of the following:Nosebleed
Hemorrhage and inflammation (rare) in the gums
Bruises
Bone pain and sensitivity
Fever and fatigue
Heavy menstrual periods
Pallor
Difficulty breathing (worsens with exercise)
Skin rash or injury
Weightloss
Tests and exams
The provider will perform a physical examination. There may be signs of inflammation of the spleen, liver or lymph nodes. The exams performed include:
A complete blood count (CBC) can show anemia and a low number of platelets. A white blood cell count can be high, low or normal.
A spinal aspirate and a biopsy will show if there are any leukemic cells.
If the provider knows that you have this type of leukemia, additional tests will be performed to determine the specific type of AML. The subtypes are based on specific changes in the genes (mutations) and the way in which the leukemia cells appear under the microscope.
Treatment
The treatment involves using medications (chemotherapy) to destroy the cancer cells. Most types of AML are treated in the same way at the beginning, with more than one chemotherapeutic drug.
Chemotherapy also destroys normal cells. This can cause side effects, such as:
Increased risk of bleeding
Increased risk of infection (the doctor may ask you to stay away from others to prevent infection)
Weight loss (you will need to consume additional calories)
Canker sores
Other supportive treatments for AML may include:
Antibiotics to treat the infection
Transfusions of red blood cells to fight anemia
Platelet transfusions to control bleeding
A bone marrow transplant (stem cell) will probably be done after the first or second cycle of chemotherapy. This decision is determined by several factors, such as:
Your age and general health
How tall was your white blood cell count
Certain genetic changes in leukemic cells
The availability of donors
Support groups
The stress caused by the disease can be alleviated by joining a support group. Sharing with other people who have experiences and problems in common can help you not feel alone.
Expectations (prognosis)
It is said that you are in remission when the bone marrow biopsy shows no evidence of AML. Complete remission occurs in most patients. The person's prognosis depends on the general health and the genetic subtype of the AML cells.
Remission is not the same as cure. Generally, more treatment is needed, either in the form of more chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant.With treatment, younger people with AML tend to have a better prognosis than those who develop the disease in later life. The 5-year survival rate is much lower in older adults than in younger people. Experts say that this is partly due to the fact that younger people can better tolerate strong chemotherapy drugs. In addition, leukemia in older people tends to be more resistant to current treatments.
If the cancer does not reappear (relapses) within 5 years after diagnosis, you have probably healed.
When to contact a medical professional
Make an appointment with the provider if you:
Develop symptoms of AML
You have AML and you have a fever that does not go away or other signs of infection
Prevention
If you work near radiation or chemicals associated with leukemia, always use protective equipment.
Alternative names
Acute granulocytic leukemia; LMA; Acute myeloid leukemia (AML); Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia; Acute myeloid leukemia; Acute granulocytic leukemia; Non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL); Non-lymphocytic type leukemia (ANLL)
Instructions for the patient
High after bone marrow transplant
Images
Auer's caneAuer's tankAcute monocytic skin cancer Acute monocytic skin cancer
Blood cells Blood cells
References
Appelbaum FR. Acute leukemias in adults. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 98.
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