anti money laundering act | The fight against money laundering

The fight against money laundering

anti money laundering act
aml compliance




The fight against money laundering is a priority for banks and leads them to exercise permanent supervision over banking operations. French banks cooperate fully with the authorities in this fight against money laundering and show great caution each time an operation is offered to them with capital which they can not ascertain the origin, especially in cash.

What is money laundering?
Bank bonds
What is money laundering?
Profits from criminal activities (eg drug trafficking) can not be reused until they have been "laundered". Money laundering networks have been created to reintroduce criminal funds into the financial circuits, concealing their initial fraudulent origin.

"Money laundering is the fact:

to facilitate, by any means, the false justification of the origin of the property or income of the perpetrator of a crime or offense which has given him a direct or indirect profit,
to assist in a placement, concealment or conversion of the direct or indirect proceeds of a crime or offense. "
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Bank bonds
Various laws have progressively strengthened their obligations in the fight against money laundering. Banks must declare to a service under the authority of the Minister of the Economy, called TRACFIN, the operations carried out in their books that could come from drug trafficking or organized criminal activities.

They must also declare:

transactions where the identity of the originator is doubtful,
those made from capital whose beneficiaries are not known,
those carried out by persons or organizations domiciled in one of the countries recognized as non-cooperative in the international fight against money laundering.
The bank must note the identity of its interlocutor, customer or not, for any opening of account, rental of safe or operation of more than 8.000 euros. This information must be kept at the disposal of the courts for 5 years.

The bank must provide TRACFIN with information relating to cash transfer transactions from a payment in cash or electronic money, provided that the amount of the transaction exceeds:

the threshold of 1,000 euros per transaction,
the threshold of 2,000 euros accumulated per customer over a calendar month (threshold applicable since 1 April 2014).


Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Understanding Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia/Acut Lymphosityc Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Leucemia. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is the proliferation of maligna malignant/limphoblast in bone marrow caused by single core can be systemic. (Ngastiyah, 1997; Smeltzer & Bare, 2002; Tucker, 1997; Reeves & Lockart, 2002).

B Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Causes.
Causes of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is currently unclear, allegedly due to virus (virus onkogenik) and other factors that may play a role, including:
1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia exogenous Factor
a. x-rays, radioactive rays.
b. hormones.
c. chemicals such as: bensol preparations, arsenic, sulfate, chloramphinecol, anti neoplastic agent).
2. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia endogenous Factors
a. Race (Jews are more easily exposed than black people)
b. Congenital (chromosome abnormalities, especially in children with Down syndrome).
c. Hereditary (brothers or twins one egg).
(Ngastiyah, 1997)
C. Pathophysiology Of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Cancer cells produce an immature leukocytes/abnormal excessive amounts. This immature leukocytes infiltrate into various organs, including bone marrow and replacing elements of a normal cell. Lymphocytes immature conduct proliferate in the bone marrow and the peripheral network so that interfere with normal cell development. This causes the normal haemopoesis hampered, resulted in a decrease in the amount of leucosit, red blood cells and platelets. Infiltration of cancer cells to various internal organs causing pembersaran liver, spleen, limfodenopati, headaches, vomiting, and pain the bones and joints. The decline in the number of red blood cells give rise to anemia, decreased platelet number facilitate the occurrence of bleeding (echimosis, bleeding gums, epistaksis etc.). The presence of cancer cells also affects the retikuloendotelial system which can lead to disorders of the body's defense system, thus prone to infection. The existence of cell metabolism also interfere with kaker so that cells lack food. (Ngastiyah, 1997; Smeltzer & Bare, 2002; Suriadi and Rita Giuliani, 2001, Betz & Sowden, 2002).
D. Clinical signs and symptoms of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia clinical manifestations include:
Colds do not heal
A pale, languid, easy terstimulasi
Fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Weight decreased
Ptechiae, epistaksis, bleeding gums, bruising without cause
Bone and joint pain
Abdominal pain Hepatosplenomegali, Lymphadenopathy
WBC Abnormality
Head pain
E. Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia diagnostic Examination
Common diagnostic examination is performed in children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia are:
Examination of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia bone marrow (BMP/Bone Marrow Punction):
a. excessive blast cells Found
b. an increase in protein
Blood examination of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia edge
a. Pancytopenia (anemia, lekopenia, trombositopneia)
b. an increase in uric acid serum
c. an increase in the copper (Cu) serum
d. a decrease in levels of Zinc (Zn)
e. increase in leukocytes can occur (20,000 – 200,000/µ l) but in the form of a primitive cell blast/cell
Biopsy of liver, spleen, kidney, bones to study the engagement/infiltration of cancer cells to the organ
Fotothorax to review the involvement of mediastinum
Sitogenik:
50-60% of ALL patients and AML have abnormalities of the form:
a. number of chromosome Abnormalities, such as diploid (2n), haploid (2n-a), hiperploid (2n + 1)
b. Increase or loss of part of a chromosome (partial delection)
c. There are marker chromosomes are morphological elements instead of the normal chromosome component from the form of a very large to the very small
F. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment (ALL)
1. Blood transfusions, it is usually given when the levels of Hb less than 6 g%. In severe thrombocytopenia and massive bleeding, platelet transfusion may be right and if there is tanda‑tanda DIC can dibe rikan heparin.
2. Corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, prednison and so on). Having achieved remission dose reduced bit by bit and end his stopped.
3. Sitostatica. In addition to a long sitostatica (6 ‑ ‑ merkaptopurin or 6 mp, or methotrexate MTX) at this time also used a new and more vinkristin like poten (oncovin), rubidomisin (daunorubycine), cytosine, arabinosid, L‑asparaginase, siklofosfamid or a CPA, adriami sin and so on. Sitostatica generally given in combination with prednison bersama‑sama. In granting this obat‑obatan there is often a result of beru side pa alopecia, stomatitis, leukopenia, secondary infection or kandidiagis. Should be more berhziti‑hati when jumiah leukocytes to less than 2,000/mm3.
4. secondary infection is avoided (where possible sufferers isolated in the room the pests).
5. Immunotherapy, is how the latest treatments. After ter achieve remission and leukemia cell count low enough (105 106 ‑), immunotherapy is started is given. Aspesifik treatment is done by administering BCG immunization or Corynae bacterium and is intended so that antibodies are formed can strengthen body's durability. Specific treatment is done with penyunti kan leukaemia cells which have been irradiated. In this way it is hoped will form specific antibodies against leukemia cells, so all the pathological cells will be destroyed so that sufferers of leukemia are expected to be recovered perfectly.
6. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia treatment ways.

Each clinic has its own way of relying on his experience. Treatment is generally directed against relapse prevention and get a longer remission period. To achieve such a State, in principle the basic pattern used the treatment as follows:
a. Inductions
Intended to achieve remission, i.e. by administering various gai medications mentioned above, either systemically or intratekal sam pai cells in bone marrow blast less than 5%.
b. Consolidation
Namely, in order that the remaining cells are not rapidly multiply again.
c. Rumat (maintenance)
To maintain the period of remission, sedapat‑dapatnya a period of remission. Usually done by administering a dose of half sitostatica.
d. Reinduksi
Intended to prevent relaps. Reinduksi is usually done every 3 ‑ 6 months with the awarding of the obat‑obat as in the old se induction 10 ‑ 14 days.
e. prevent the occurrence of leukaemia nerves.
For this given MTX intratekal at the time of induction to prevent cranial radiation and meningeal leukemia as many as 2,400 2,500 rad. to prevent leukemia and meningeal leukemia sereb ral. This radiation is not repeated at reinduksi.
f. treatment of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia imunologik
Expected all leukaemia cells in the body will be lost altogether and sufferers can be expected thus recovered perfectly.